From Wolfsburg to Washington, the move is being seen as a deliberate challenge to the former president's trade agenda—and it's already causing a stir across the global automotive industry.

Adjustments to provisions for the diesel issue and the valuation of vehicles in transit in connection with U. S. tariffs took 300 million euros from the operating result.

A Volkswagen emblem, attached to a tower at the Volkswagen Osnabrück GmbH plant, can be seen behind a red traffic light.